The Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State: A Literature Review
Abstract
This study aims to elaborate on the concept of Islamic teachings on the rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic country. This study uses the literature study method, which is a data collection method directed at searching for data and information through scientific articles and scientific books, both in scientific journals, scientific forum proceedings, and scientific research reports. The results of the study show that non-Muslims who live among Muslims (ahlu al-dzimmah) receive protection, have equal rights and obligations, and obtain an equal position with Muslims. Muslims, especially Muslim leaders, have an obligation to provide protection to non-Muslims. Islamic leaders have an obligation to provide legal instruments and legislation, which guarantee the basic rights of non-Muslims, and obtain equality before the law.
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References
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Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. “The Politics and Hermeneutics of Hijab in Iran: From Confinement to Choice.” Muslim World Journal of Human Rights (2007): 1–17.
Moosa, Ebrahim. “The Dilemma of Islamic Rights Schemes.” Journal of Law and Religion (2020): 184–215.
———. “The Reconciliation of the Fundamentals of Islamic Law (Al-Muwāfaqāt Fi Uṣūl Al-Sharī’a), Vol. 1. The Great Books of Islamic Civilization Ibrāhīm Ibn Mūsā Abū Isḥāq Al-Shāṭibī Imran Ahsan Nyazee Raji M. Rammuny.” Islamic Law and Society 23, no. 3 (2016): 318–322.
Orend, Brian. Human Rights: Concept and Context. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2020.
Parvin, Manoucher, and Maurie Sommer. “Dar Al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies (2010): 1–21.
Rahman, S A. Punishment of Apostasy in Islam. 2nd edn. Lahore, Pakistan: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1978.
Rishmawi, Mervat. “The Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights: A Step Forward?” Human Rights Law Review (2005): 361–76.
Saeed, Abdullah. Islam and Belief: At Home with Religious Freedom. Palo Alto, CA: Zephyr Institute, 2014.
Saeed, Abdullah, and Hassan Saeed. Freedom of Religion and Apostasy in Islam. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
———. “Modern Debate on the Socio-Political Rights of Muslim Women.” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and the Law (2012): 42–64.
al-Ahsan, Abdullah. “Law, Religion and Human Dignity in the Muslim World Today: An Examination of OIC’s Cairo Declaration of Human Rights.” Journal of Law and Religion (2008): 569–97.
al-Mujtama‘. “Al-Insani Fi Zill Al-Islam (Jeddah: Al-Dar Al-Su‘udiyyah Li Al-Nashr Wa Al-Tawz I‘,” 1984.
Alazzi, Khaled F. “Teachers’ Perceptions of Multicultural Education: A Study of Middle and High School Social Studies Teachers in Jordan.” Curriculum Perspectives 37, no. 1 (2017): 3–10.
Ali, Shaheen Sardar. Conceptualising Islamic Law, CEDAW and Women’s Human Rights in Plural Legal Settings: A Comparative Analysis of Application of CEDAW In. Bangladesh, India and Pakistan (New Delhi: UNIFEM, 2006.
———. The Conceptual Foundations of Human Rights: A Comparative Perspective. Vol. 3. European Public Law, 1997.
Ali, Shaheen Sardar, and Javaid Rehman. “The Concept of Jihad in Islamic International Law.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law (2005): 321–343.
An-Na‘im, Abdullahi A. “Human Rights in the Arab World: A Regional Perspective.” Human Rights Quarterly (2001): 701–32.
———. “The Rights of Women and International Law in the Muslim Context,” 1987.
An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im, and Abdullahi Ahmed An-Na’im. Dekonstruksi Syari’ah: Wacana Kebebasan, Hak Asasi Manusia Dan Hubungan Internasional Dalam Islam. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 1994.
Baderin, Mashood A. “Establishing Areas of Common Ground between Islamic Law and International Human Rights.” The International Journal of Human Rights (2001): 72–113.
———. “Human Rights and Islamic Law: The Myth of Discord.” European Human Rights Law Review (2005): 165–85.
———. International Human Rights and Islamic Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
———. “Islam and the Realization of Human Rights in the Muslim World.” Muslim World Journal of Human Rights (2007): 1–25.
Baderin, Mashood A, and Manisuli Ssenyonjo. Development of International Human Rights Law before and after the UDHR” in International Human Rights Law: Six Decades after the UDHR and Beyond. Edited by Mashood A Baderin and Manisuli Ssenyonjo. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2010.
Bennoune, Karima. “As-Salamu Alaykum? Humanitarian Law in Islamic Jurisprudence.” Michigan Journal of International Law (1994): 605–43.
Bielefeldt, Heiner. “‘Western’ versus ‘Islamic’ Human Rights Conceptions?: A Critique of Cultural Essentialism in the Discussion on Human Rights.” Political Theory 28, no. 1 (2000): 90–121.
Dalacoura, Katerina, and Islam. Liberalism and Human Rights: Implications for International Relations. London; New York: I.B. Tauris, 1998.
Dallmayr, Fred. “Whither Democracy? Religion, Politics and Islam.” Philosophy and Social Criticism 37, no. 4 (2011): 437–48.
Esposito, J., and J DeLong-Bas. Women in Muslim Family Law. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2001.
Esposito, John L., and John Voll. Makers of Contemporary Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
Esposito, John L. What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Fadl, Khaled Abou. Islam and the Challenge of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.
Fegiery, El, and Moataz Ahmed. “Islamic Law and Freedom of Religion: The Case of Apostasy and Its Legal Implications in Egypt.” Muslim World Journal of Human Rights (2013): 1–26.
Freamon, Bernard K. “Martyrdom, Suicide, and the Islamic Law of War: A Short Legal History.” Fordham International Law Journal (2003): 299–369.
Hallaq, Wael B. “The Primacy of The Qur’an in Syatibi Legal Theory.” In Islamic Studies Presented to Charles J. Adams, edited by Wael B. Hallaq. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991.
Hallaq, Wael B. A History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni Uṣul Al-Fiqh. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
———. The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
Hille, Rolf. “Human Rights and Islam—Is the ‘Clash of Civilizations’ Already Pre-Programmed?” Evangelical Review of Theology (2006): 352–61.
Hourani, A. Minorities in the Arab World. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1947.
Huntington, Samuel P. Benturan Antar Peradaban. Yogyakarta: Qalam, 2002.
Iqbal, Rashid. “A New Theory on Aṣḥāb Al-Kahf (‘The Sleepers of the Cave’) Based on Evidence from the Dead Sea Scrolls (Dss).” Al-Bayan: Journal of Qur’an and Hadith Studies 15, no. 1 (May 24, 2017): 20–47.
Kamali, Mohammad Hashim. “Freedom of Expression in Islam (Kuala Lumpur: Berita Publishing,” 1994.
———. Islamic Law in Malaysia: Issues and Developments. Kuala Lumpur: Ilmiah Publishers, 2000.
Khallaf. Abd Al-Wahhab, Al-Siyasah Al-Shar‘Iyyah Aw Nizam Al-Dawlah Al-Islamiyyah Fi Al-Shu’Un Al-Dusturiyyah Wa Al-Kharijiyyah Wa Al-Maliyyah. Beirut: Mu’assasatal-Risalah, 1997.
Khir, Bustami Mohamed. “The Right of Women to No-Fault Divorce in Islam and Its Application by British Muslims.” Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations 17, no. 3 (2018): 295–306.
Mahmud, Abd al Halim. Al-Jihad Fi Al-Islam. 2nd edn. Cairo: Dar al-Ma‘arif, 1988.
Mahmud, Jamal al-Din. “Al-Jihad Wa Akhlaqiyyat Al Harb Fi Al-Islam” in Tolerance in the Islamic Civilization, Researches and Facts.” In The Sixteenth General Conference of the Supreme Council for Islamic Affairs. Cairo: Matabi‘, 2007.
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. “The Politics and Hermeneutics of Hijab in Iran: From Confinement to Choice.” Muslim World Journal of Human Rights (2007): 1–17.
Moosa, Ebrahim. “The Dilemma of Islamic Rights Schemes.” Journal of Law and Religion (2020): 184–215.
———. “The Reconciliation of the Fundamentals of Islamic Law (Al-Muwāfaqāt Fi Uṣūl Al-Sharī’a), Vol. 1. The Great Books of Islamic Civilization Ibrāhīm Ibn Mūsā Abū Isḥāq Al-Shāṭibī Imran Ahsan Nyazee Raji M. Rammuny.” Islamic Law and Society 23, no. 3 (2016): 318–322.
Orend, Brian. Human Rights: Concept and Context. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press, 2020.
Parvin, Manoucher, and Maurie Sommer. “Dar Al-Islam: The Evolution of Muslim Territoriality and Its Implications for Conflict Resolution in the Middle East.” International Journal of Middle East Studies (2010): 1–21.
Rahman, S A. Punishment of Apostasy in Islam. 2nd edn. Lahore, Pakistan: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1978.
Rishmawi, Mervat. “The Revised Arab Charter on Human Rights: A Step Forward?” Human Rights Law Review (2005): 361–76.
Saeed, Abdullah. Islam and Belief: At Home with Religious Freedom. Palo Alto, CA: Zephyr Institute, 2014.
Saeed, Abdullah, and Hassan Saeed. Freedom of Religion and Apostasy in Islam. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, 2004.
Published
2022-08-20
How to Cite
MUCHTAR, Ayi Ishak Sholih.
The Rights of Non-Muslims in an Islamic State: A Literature Review.
TAJDID, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 1, p. 105-122, aug. 2022.
ISSN 2621-8259.
Available at: <https://www.riset-iaid.net/index.php/tajdid/article/view/1156>. Date accessed: 27 apr. 2026.
doi: https://doi.org/10.36667/tajdid.v29i1.1156.
Section
Articles
